Major Industries in Indian Economy

industries in india.jpg

Iron and Steel Industry

  • First Steel Industry Plant is Bengal Iron Works company in 1870 (West Bengal).
  • First large steel plant is TISCO established at Jamshedpur in 1907. It was the first modern Iron and Steel plant. It was set up by Jamshedji Tata. it is the biggest private sector plant.
  • IISCO launched steel plant at Burnpur in 1919. TISCO and IISCO belong to private sector.
  • The first public sector unit is Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel works at Bhadrawati.
  • Public sector steel plants are Rourkela (Orrisa), Bhilai (Madhya Pradesh), Durgapur (West Bengal), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Burnpur (West Bengal), Vishakhapattnam (Andhra Pradesh).
  • Bhilai plant was set up in collaboration with Russia in Kolkata.
  • Rourkela Steel plant in Orissa was setup under the Second Five Year Plan period in association with Germany.
  • Bokaro Steel Plant was set up under the fourth five year plan in association with the Russian Government. It is located in Jharkhand.
  • The first on-shore steel plant in India is at Vishakhapatnam.
  • SAIL: Steel Authority of India Ltd. was established in 1974. The public sector steel plants are managed by SAIL.

Cotton Textile Industry

  • It is the oldest industry of India.
  • First Cotton Textile mill started in India in 1818 and it is Fort Gloster, Calcutta.
  • Bombay spinning and weaving Co. was established in 1854 at Bombay by C.N. Daver. It is the first modern cotton textile mill in India.
  • Leading Cotton textile producing States are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu.
  • Kanpur is well-known for textiles and garments, large contemporary tanneries, leather works and shoe manufacturing.
  • The modern woollen textile industry is Lai Imli established at Kanpur in 1876.
  • Main wool producing states are Rajasthan, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Haryana.
  • Largest producer of woolen textile is Punjab. Maharashtra is the 2nd largest producer.
  • Manchester of India is Ludhiana which produces 90% of woolens in India.

Jute Industry

  • It is export oriented industry. It also provides substantial employment opportunities in agriculture and industrial sectors.
  • First modernized industrial unit is Reshra in West Bengal in 1855.
  • India is number one in the production of raw jute and jute goods in the world.
  • India is number two in export of jute goods in the world.
  • Largest producer of jute is West Bengal, followed by Bihar, Assam and Odisha.

Silk Industry

  • India is the only country producing all the four known commercial varieties of silk, viz. Mulberry, Tasar (Tropical), Eri and Muga.
  • India is the second-largest country in the world in producing natural silk. First is China.
  • Largest producer of silk is Karnataka. The Second Largest producer is West Bengal.
  • First modern silk factory is at Howrah in 1832.
  • Largest producer of muga silk is Assam.

Fibre industry

  • India is the world's largest producer of cellulosic fibre.
  • India is World's fifth largest producer of synthetic fibre.
  • First mill is Travancore Rayons Ltd of Rayapuram in Kerala in 1950.

Aluminium Industry

  • Aluminium companies : HINDALCO, NALCO, INDAL, MALCO.
  • India's Leading Aluminium & Copper Producer is Hindalco Industries Ltd.
  • The first Aluminium factory of the country was established in J. K. Nagar West Bengal in 1937 AD.
  • Indian Aluminium Corporation Ltd was formed in 1937.
  • BALCO: Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd formed in 1965.
  • NALCO: National Aluminium Company Ltd established in 1981.
  • Indian Copper Corporation was established in 1924 and was taken over by the Hindustan Copper Ltd (set up in 1967), in 1972.

Zinc

  • There are four zinc smelters in the country. They are Aluva (Kerala), Debari and Chanderi (Rajasthan), Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh).
  • The first lead smelting plant is Tundoo near Dhanbad by Metal Corporation of India. It was taken over the Hindustan Zinc Ltd.

Heavy and Light Engineering goods

  • India is a major exporter of heavy and light engi-neering goods among the Third World countries.
  • Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd was set up at Ranch (Jharkhand) in 1958.
  • Pioneer company in the maufacturing of machine tools is Kirloskar Brother Ltd.

Locomotives

  • Railway Engine Manufacturing Industries - Chittaranjan Locomotive, West Bengal
  • Diesel Locomotive Works - Varanasi, UP
  • Tata Engineering and Locomotive Works - Jamshedpur
  • Railway Coaches Manufacturing Units - Perambur (Tamil Nadu), Kapurthala (Punjab), Bangalore (Karnataka), Kolkata (West Bengal)
  • The Integral Coach Factory: Perambur near Chennai was set up in 1955 with Swiss collaboration.
  • Railway Workshops: Kharagpur (West Bengal), Jamalpur Samastipur, Barauni (Bihar), Ajmer (Rajasthan), Jhans (UP).

Automobile Industry

  • India's Largest Automobile Company Tata Motors
  • Leading automobile companies with the highest sales: Maruti Udyog Ltd, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd, Ashok Leyland Ltd, Bajaj Auto Ltd, TVS Motor Company Ltd, Hero Moto Corp Ltd.
  • Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) is the leading producer of Medium and Heavy commercial vehicle.

Ship building Industry

  • Four main centres are at Vishakhapatnam, Kolkata, Kochi & Mumbai.
  • Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, Vishakhapatnam set up in 1941.
  • First ship building yard in the country to receive ISO-9001 certification is Cochin Shipyard Ltd, Kochi. It was incorporated in 1972. It also manufactures ships for Indian Navy.
  • Mazgaon Dock at Mumbai builds cargo ships, passenger ships, dredgers etc. for Indian navy.

Aircraft Industry

  • First aircraft industry is Hindustan Aircraft Ltd. It was set up at Bangalore in 1940. It was merged into Aeronautics India Ltd in 1964 to form Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd, Bangalore.
  • Centres: Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Koraput, Nasik.

Bicycle Industry

  • First Bicycle factory was started in Mumbai (1940).
  • Largest bicycle manufacturing companies are Atlas cycle, Hero Cycle

Petroleum and Natural Gas

  • Major companies in integrated refining and marketing are HPCL, BPCL and IOC.
  • In 1956 Digboi (Assam) was the only oil producing area of the country.
  • Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) was established in 1956 at Dehradun, Uttarakhand for exploration purpose.
  • Petrol Refining Industries are Digboi, Noonmati, Koyali (Gujarat), Vishakhapatnam, Trombay, Barauni, Mathura.

Chemicals

  • The petrochemical, pharmaceutical and agrochemical manufacturing are the rapidly growing industries in the national economy.
  • India is 13th largest exporter of pesticides and disinfectants globally. According to volume, it records 12th leading manufacturer of chemicals.

Heavy Chemical Industries

  • Centres are Sindri, Tatanagar, Mumbai, Kolkata, Durgapur, Amritsar, Bhilai.

Fertilizer Industry

  • First fertilizer plant is Ranipet of Tamil Nadu in 1906. It is the first Super Phosphate chemical plant
  • First public sector fertilizer plant is Sindri (Jharkhand). It is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers in the world.
  • Fertilizer companies with the highest sales are National Fertilizer Ltd, Tata Chemicals Ltd, Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd.
  • Fertilizer Corporation of India (FCI) Ltd is established in 1961. Its Headquarters is at Noida.

Cement Industry

  • The first cement factory in India is in Chennai (Madras) in 1904.
  • Indian Cement Co Ltd set up a plant in Porbander (Gujarat).
  • Second largest industry in the world after that of China

Leather Industry

  • Leather industry is divided into two parts - tanning and leather goods.
  • For tanning, Kanpur, (1st tannery centre), Chennai, and Kolkata are three largest Centers.
  • Central Leather Research Institute is located at Chennai. It is the biggest of its class in the world.

Glass

  • Leading producer of glass in India is Uttar Pradesh followed by West Bengal and Maharashtra.
  • Largest producer of glass is Firozabad in Agra district.

Rubber Industry

  • The first Synthetic Rubber factory is Bareilly in 1955.
  • Rubber Board is a legal body formed according to the Rubber Act 1947, generally for the expansion of the rubber industry in india. Its central office is at Kottayam.
  • Rubber Research Institute of India was established in 1955. located at Puthuppally, Kottayam.

Lac

  • The largest producer of Lac (50%) is Jharkhand followed by Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
  • India is world's largest exporter of Lac.
  • Lac is obtained from an insect named Cerria lacca which lives on trees.

Sugar Industry

  • Sugar Industry is the second leading agro-based sector in the country after cotton textile industry.
  • Second largest producer and Largest consumer of sugar in the world.

Paper Industry

  • First mechanized paper mill is Serampur in West Bengal, which was set up in 1812.
  • The first successful Paper Mill is Royal Bengal Paper Mills at Ballyganj near Kolkata. It was setup in 1870.
  • India is ranked as one of the 15 top global paper industries.
  • The important centres for paper products are Lucknow, Titagarh, Raniganj, Pune, Naihati.
  • Largest number of paper mills is at Uttar Pradesh.
  • Leading state in paper manufacturing is West Bengal.
  • First newsprint industry is at Nepanagar in Madhya Pradesh 1955.
  • Match Factory: The first match factory was setup at Ahmedabad in 1921.
  • West Bengal tops in the production of Match box. Tamil Nadu stands second.

Telecom Industry

  • India is the world's second-largest telecommunications market based on the total number of telephone users (both fixed and mobile phone) with 933 million subscribers.
  • India has the world's third-largest Internet user-base.
  • The wireless technologies currently in use in Indian Telecom Industry are Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM )and Code Multiple Access (CDMA).
  • Telecom Industry in the country fall under Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI).
  • The Indian Telecom Industry services is not confined to basis telephone but it also extends to internet broadband cable TV, SMS, IP TV, soft switches etc.
  • Leading Mobile Companies are Bharti Airtel, BSNL, Air Cell, Reliance Jio, Idea Cellular, Vodafone and Uninor.
  • Country's largest mobile operator by revenue and subscribers is Bharti Airtel.

Software Industry

  • Major components are IT Services and BPO (Business Process Outsourcing).
  • Its contribution to India's GDP is 7.5%.
  • Major centres of Industry are Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Chennai , Trivandrum, Noida, Mumbai and Pune.
  • Bangalore is considered as the Silicon Valley of the country, since it is the hub of chief IT exporters.
  • The second most and third most big software companies in the country are headquartered in Bangalore.
  • NASSCOM: National Association of Software and Services Companies is established in 1988. It is a trade association of IT and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry.

Retail Market

  • It accounts for over 10 percent of the country's GDP and around eight percent of the employment in India.
  • Fifth largest global destination in the world for retail is India.
  • Biggest leading company in Retail Sector is Reliance Industries Ltd.

Online Retail

  • India has about one million online retailers, which sell their products through various e-commerce portals.
  • Important e-commerce firms are Amazon.com, Flipkart, Jabong, Myntra, Ebay, Shopclues, HomeShop18, Snapdeal, Pepperfry, Paytm

PPP model

  • PPP model is Public-Private-Partnership model.
  • PPP is a government service or self financing business venture which is financially supported and run through a partnership of government and private sector companies.
  • India is the largest market for PPP Model.

The PPP models can be divided into five categories:

  1. Supply and Management contracts,
  2. Turkey projects
  3. Lease
  4. Concessions and
  5. Private ownership of assets